#define FUPG_CACHE        1
#define FUPG_TEXT_PARAMS  2
#define FUPG_TEXT_RESULTS 4
#define FUPG_TEXT         (FUPG_TEXT_PARAMS|FUPG_TEXT_RESULTS)

typedef struct {
    SV *self;
    PGconn *conn;
    UV prep_counter;
    UV cookie_counter;
    UV cookie; /* currently active transaction object; 0 = none active */
    int stflags;
    int ntypes;
    fupg_type *types;
    fustr buf; /* Scratch space for query params */
} fupg_conn;


typedef struct fupg_txn fupg_txn;
struct fupg_txn {
    SV *self;
    fupg_txn *parent;
    fupg_conn *conn;
    UV cookie; /* 0 means done */
    int stflags;
    char rollback_cmd[64];
};

typedef struct {
    /* Set on creation */
    SV *self; /* (unused, but whatever) */
    fupg_conn *conn; /* has a refcnt on conn->self */
    UV cookie;
    char *query;
    SV **bind;
    int nbind;
    int stflags;

    /* Set during prepare */
    int prepared;
    char name[32];
    PGresult *describe;

    /* Set during execute */
    int nfields;
    const char **param_values; /* Points into conn->buf or st->bind SVs, may be invalid after exec */
    int *param_lengths;
    int *param_formats;
    fupg_recv *recv;
    PGresult *result;
} fupg_st;




/*  Utilities */

static SV *fupg_conn_errsv(PGconn *conn, const char *action) {
    dTHX;
    HV *hv = newHV();
    hv_stores(hv, "action", newSVpv(action, 0));
    hv_stores(hv, "severity", newSVpvs("FATAL")); /* Connection-related errors are always fatal */
    hv_stores(hv, "message", newSVpv(PQerrorMessage(conn), 0));
    return fu_croak_hv(hv, "FU::PG::error", "FATAL: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
}

__attribute__((noreturn))
static void fupg_conn_croak(fupg_conn *c, const char *action) {
    dTHX;
    croak_sv(fupg_conn_errsv(c->conn, action));
}

/* Takes ownership of the PGresult and croaks. */
__attribute__((noreturn))
static void fupg_result_croak(PGresult *r, const char *action, const char *query) {
    dTHX;
    HV *hv = newHV();
    hv_stores(hv, "action", newSVpv(action, 0));
    char *s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED);
    hv_stores(hv, "severity", newSVpv(s ? s : "FATAL", 0));
    if (query) hv_stores(hv, "query", newSVpv(query, 0));

    /* If the PGresult is not an error, assume it's an unexpected resultStatus */
    s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY);
    hv_stores(hv, "message", s ? newSVpv(s, 0) : newSVpvf("unexpected status code '%s'", PQresStatus(PQresultStatus(r))));

    /* I like the verbose error messages. Doesn't include anything that's not
     * also fetched below, but saves me from having to do the formatting
     * manually. */
    char *verbose = NULL;
    if (s) {
        verbose = PQresultVerboseErrorMessage(r, PQERRORS_VERBOSE, PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ERRORS);
        if (s) {
            hv_stores(hv, "verbose_message", newSVpv(verbose, 0));
            PQfreemem(verbose);
        }
    }

    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL))) hv_stores(hv, "detail", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT))) hv_stores(hv, "hint", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION))) hv_stores(hv, "statement_position", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION))) hv_stores(hv, "internal_position", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY))) hv_stores(hv, "internal_query", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_CONTEXT))) hv_stores(hv, "context", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME))) hv_stores(hv, "schema_name", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME))) hv_stores(hv, "table_name", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME))) hv_stores(hv, "column_name", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME))) hv_stores(hv, "datatype_name", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME))) hv_stores(hv, "constraint_name", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE))) hv_stores(hv, "source_file", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE))) hv_stores(hv, "source_line", newSVpv(s, 0));
    if ((s = PQresultErrorField(r, PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION))) hv_stores(hv, "source_function", newSVpv(s, 0));

    PQclear(r);
    croak_sv(verbose
        ? fu_croak_hv(hv, "FU::PG::error", "%s", SvPV_nolen(*hv_fetchs(hv, "verbose_message", 0)))
        : fu_croak_hv(hv, "FU::PG::error", "%s: %s",
            SvPV_nolen(*hv_fetchs(hv, "severity", 0)),
            SvPV_nolen(*hv_fetchs(hv, "message", 0))
        )
    );
}

static SV *fupg_exec_result(pTHX_ PGresult *r) {
    SV *ret = &PL_sv_undef;
    char *tup = PQcmdTuples(r);
    if (tup && *tup) {
        ret = sv_2mortal(newSVpv(tup, 0));
        SvIV(ret);
        SvIOK_only(ret);
    }
    return ret;
}

static void fupg_exec_ok(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c, const char *sql) {
    PGresult *r = PQexec(c->conn, sql);
    if (!r) fupg_conn_croak(c, "exec");
    if (PQresultStatus(r) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) fupg_result_croak(r, "exec", sql);
    PQclear(r);
}




/* Connection & transaction handling */

static SV *fupg_connect(pTHX_ const char *str) {
    PGconn *conn = PQconnectdb(str);
    if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK) {
        SV *sv = fupg_conn_errsv(conn, "connect");
        PQfinish(conn);
        croak_sv(sv);
    }

    fupg_conn *c = safemalloc(sizeof(fupg_conn));
    c->conn = conn;
    c->prep_counter = c->cookie_counter = c->cookie = 0;
    c->stflags = 0;
    c->ntypes = 0;
    c->types = NULL;
    fustr_init(&c->buf, NULL, SIZE_MAX);
    return fu_selfobj(c, "FU::PG::conn");
}

static const char *fupg_conn_status(fupg_conn *c) {
    if (PQstatus(c->conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) return "bad";
    switch (PQtransactionStatus(c->conn)) {
        case PQTRANS_IDLE: return c->cookie ? "txn_done" : "idle";
        case PQTRANS_ACTIVE: return "active"; /* can't happen, we don't do async */
        case PQTRANS_INTRANS: return "txn_idle";
        case PQTRANS_INERROR: return "txn_error";
        default: return "unknown";
    }
}

static void fupg_conn_disconnect(fupg_conn *c) {
    PQfinish(c->conn);
    c->conn = NULL;
}

static void fupg_conn_destroy(fupg_conn *c) {
    PQfinish(c->conn);
    if (c->buf.sv) SvREFCNT_dec(c->buf.sv);
    safefree(c->types);
    safefree(c);
}

static SV *fupg_conn_txn(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c) {
    fupg_exec_ok(c, "BEGIN");
    fupg_txn *t = safecalloc(1, sizeof(fupg_txn));
    t->conn = c;
    t->cookie = c->cookie = ++c->cookie_counter;
    t->stflags = c->stflags;
    strcpy(t->rollback_cmd, "ROLLBACK");
    SvREFCNT_inc(c->self);
    return fu_selfobj(t, "FU::PG::txn");
}

static SV *fupg_txn_txn(pTHX_ fupg_txn *t) {
    char cmd[64];
    UV cookie = ++t->conn->cookie_counter;
    snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "SAVEPOINT fupg_%"UVuf, cookie);
    fupg_exec_ok(t->conn, cmd);

    fupg_txn *n = safecalloc(1, sizeof(fupg_txn));
    n->conn = t->conn;
    n->parent = t;
    n->cookie = t->conn->cookie = cookie;
    n->stflags = t->stflags;
    snprintf(n->rollback_cmd, sizeof(n->rollback_cmd), "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT fupg_%"UVuf, cookie);
    SvREFCNT_inc(t->self);
    return fu_selfobj(n, "FU::PG::txn");
}

static const char *fupg_txn_status(fupg_txn *t) {
    if (PQstatus(t->conn->conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) return "bad";
    if (!t->cookie) return "done";
    int a = t->cookie == t->conn->cookie;
    switch (PQtransactionStatus(t->conn->conn)) {
        case PQTRANS_IDLE: return "done";
        case PQTRANS_ACTIVE: return "active";
        case PQTRANS_INTRANS: return a ? "idle" : "txn_idle";
        case PQTRANS_INERROR: return a ? "error" : "txn_error";
        default: return "unknown";
    }
}

static void fupg_txn_commit(pTHX_ fupg_txn *t) {
    char cmd[64];
    if (t->parent) snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "RELEASE SAVEPOINT fupg_%"UVuf, t->cookie);
    else strcpy(cmd, "COMMIT");
    t->cookie = 0;
    fupg_exec_ok(t->conn, cmd);
}

static void fupg_txn_rollback(pTHX_ fupg_txn *t) {
    t->cookie = 0;
    fupg_exec_ok(t->conn, t->rollback_cmd);
}

static void fupg_txn_destroy(pTHX_ fupg_txn *t) {
    if (t->cookie) {
        PGresult *r = PQexec(t->conn->conn, t->rollback_cmd);
        /* Can't really throw an error in DESTROY. If a rollback command fails,
         * we're sufficiently screwed that the only sensible recourse is to
         * disconnect and let any further operations throw an error. */
        if (!r || PQresultStatus(r) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
            fupg_conn_disconnect(t->conn);
        PQclear(r);
    }
    if (t->parent) {
        t->conn->cookie = t->parent->cookie;
        SvREFCNT_dec(t->parent->self);
    } else {
        t->conn->cookie = 0;
        SvREFCNT_dec(t->conn->self);
    }
    safefree(t);
}

/* XXX: It feels a bit wasteful to load *all* types; even on an empty database
 * that's ~55k of data, but it's easier and (potentially) faster than fetching
 * each type seperately as we encounter them.
 * Perhaps an easier optimization is to filter out all table-based composites
 * and their array types by default, I've never seen anyone use those types for
 * I/O and that would shrink the data by nearly a factor 5.
 */
static void fupg_refresh_types(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c) {
    safefree(c->types);
    c->types = 0;
    c->ntypes = 0;

    const char *sql =
        "SELECT oid, typname, typtype"
             ", CASE WHEN typcategory = 'A' THEN typelem ELSE 0 END"
        " FROM pg_type"
       " ORDER BY oid";
    PGresult *r = PQexecParams(c->conn, sql, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1);
    if (!r) fupg_conn_croak(c, "exec");
    if (PQresultStatus(r) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) fupg_result_croak(r, "exec", sql);

    c->ntypes = PQntuples(r);
    c->types = safecalloc(c->ntypes, sizeof(*c->types));
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<c->ntypes; i++) {
        fupg_type *t = c->types + i;
        t->oid = fu_frombeU(32, PQgetvalue(r, i, 0));
        snprintf(t->name, sizeof(t->name), "%s", PQgetvalue(r, i, 1));
        char typ = *PQgetvalue(r, i, 2);
        t->elemoid = fu_frombeU(32, PQgetvalue(r, i, 3));

        if (t->elemoid) {
            /* array */
            t->send = fupg_send_array;
            t->recv = fupg_recv_array;
        } else if (typ == 'e') {
            /* enum, can use text send/recv */
            t->send = fupg_send_text;
            t->recv = fupg_recv_text;
        } else {
            /* TODO: records, domain types, (multi)ranges, custom overrides, by-name lookup for dynamic-oid types */
            const fupg_type *builtin = fupg_builtin_byoid(t->oid);
            if (builtin) {
                t->send = builtin->send;
                t->recv = builtin->recv;
            }
        }
    }
    PQclear(r);
}

static const fupg_type *fupg_lookup_type(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c, int *refresh_done, Oid oid) {
    const fupg_type *t = NULL;
    if (c->types && (t = fupg_type_byoid(c->types, c->ntypes, oid))) return t;
    if ((t = fupg_builtin_byoid(oid))) return t;
    if (*refresh_done) return NULL;
    *refresh_done = 1;
    fupg_refresh_types(c);
    return fupg_type_byoid(c->types, c->ntypes, oid);
}



/* Querying */

static SV *fupg_exec(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c, const char *sql) {
    PGresult *r = PQexec(c->conn, sql);
    if (!r) fupg_conn_croak(c, "exec");
    switch (PQresultStatus(r)) {
        case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
        case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
        case PGRES_TUPLES_OK: break;
        default: fupg_result_croak(r, "exec", sql);
    }
    SV *ret = fupg_exec_result(r);
    PQclear(r);
    return ret;
}

static SV *fupg_q(pTHX_ fupg_conn *c, int stflags, const char *query, I32 ax, I32 argc) {
    fupg_st *st = safecalloc(1, sizeof(fupg_st));
    st->conn = c;
    st->cookie = c->cookie;
    st->stflags = stflags;
    SvREFCNT_inc(c->self);

    st->query = savepv(query);
    if (argc > 2) {
        st->bind = safemalloc((argc-2) * sizeof(SV *));
        I32 i;
        for (i=2; i < argc; i++) {
            SvGETMAGIC(ST(i));
            st->bind[st->nbind] = SvREFCNT_inc(ST(i));
            st->nbind++;
        }
    }

    return fu_selfobj(st, "FU::PG::st");
}

static void fupg_st_prepare(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    if (st->describe) return;
    if (st->prepared) fu_confess("invalid attempt to re-prepare invalid statement");

    /* TODO: This is where we check for any cached prepared statements */

    snprintf(st->name, sizeof(st->name), "fupg%"UVuf, ++st->conn->prep_counter);

    /* Send prepare + describe in a pipeline to avoid a double round-trip with the server */
    PQenterPipelineMode(st->conn->conn);
    PQsendPrepare(st->conn->conn, st->name, st->query, 0, NULL);
    PQsendDescribePrepared(st->conn->conn, st->name);
    PQpipelineSync(st->conn->conn);
    PGresult *prep = PQgetResult(st->conn->conn); PQgetResult(st->conn->conn); /* NULL */
    PGresult *desc = PQgetResult(st->conn->conn); PQgetResult(st->conn->conn); /* NULL */
    PGresult *sync = PQgetResult(st->conn->conn);
    PQexitPipelineMode(st->conn->conn);

    if (!prep) {
        PQclear(desc); PQclear(sync);
        fupg_conn_croak(st->conn , "prepare");
    }
    if (PQresultStatus(prep) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
        PQclear(desc); PQclear(sync);
        fupg_result_croak(prep, "prepare", st->query);
    }
    PQclear(prep);
    st->prepared = 1;

    if (!desc) {
        PQclear(sync);
        fupg_conn_croak(st->conn , "prepare");
    }
    if (PQresultStatus(desc) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
        PQclear(sync);
        fupg_result_croak(desc, "prepare", st->query);
    }
    st->describe = desc;

    if (!sync) fupg_conn_croak(st->conn , "prepare");
    if (PQresultStatus(sync) != PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC)
        fupg_result_croak(sync, "prepare", st->query);
    PQclear(sync);
}

static SV *fupg_st_params(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_prepare(aTHX_ st);
    int i, nparams = PQnparams(st->describe);
    AV *av = newAV_alloc_x(nparams);
    for (i=0; i<nparams; i++) {
        HV *hv = newHV();
        hv_stores(hv, "oid", newSViv(PQparamtype(st->describe, i)));
        av_push_simple(av, newRV_noinc((SV *)hv));
    }
    return sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc((SV *)av));
}

static SV *fupg_st_columns(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_prepare(aTHX_ st);
    int i, ncols = PQnfields(st->describe);
    AV *av = newAV_alloc_x(ncols);
    for (i=0; i<ncols; i++) {
        HV *hv = newHV();
        const char *name = PQfname(st->describe, i);
        hv_stores(hv, "name", newSVpvn_utf8(name, strlen(name), 1));
        hv_stores(hv, "oid", newSViv(PQftype(st->describe, i)));
        int tmod = PQfmod(st->describe, i);
        if (tmod >= 0) hv_stores(hv, "typemod", newSViv(tmod));
        av_push_simple(av, newRV_noinc((SV *)hv));
    }
    return sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc((SV *)av));
}

static void fupg_st_check_dupcols(pTHX_ PGresult *r) {
    HV *hv = newHV();
    int i, nfields = PQnfields(r);
    for (i=0; i<nfields; i++) {
        const char *key = PQfname(r, i);
        int len = -strlen(key);
        if (hv_exists(hv, key, len)) {
            SvREFCNT_dec((SV *)hv);
            fu_confess("Query returns multiple columns with the same name ('%s')", key);
        }
        hv_store(hv, key, len, &PL_sv_yes, 0);
    }
    SvREFCNT_dec((SV *)hv);
}

static void fupg_params_send(pTHX_ fupg_st *st, Oid oid, SV *val, fustr *out, int *refresh_done) {
    fupg_send send, elem;
    const fupg_type *t = fupg_lookup_type(aTHX_ st->conn, refresh_done, oid);
    if (!t) fu_confess("No type found with oid %u", oid);
    if (!t->send) fu_confess("Unable to use type '%s' (oid %u) as bind parameter", t->name, t->oid);
    send.oid = oid;
    send.name = t->name;
    send.fn = t->send;
    if (t->send == fupg_send_array) {
        if (!t->elemoid) fu_confess("Type '%s' (oid %u) is marked as an array type, but element type is unknown", t->name, t->oid);
        const fupg_type *e = fupg_lookup_type(aTHX_ st->conn, refresh_done, t->elemoid);
        if (!e) fu_confess("No type found with oid %u", t->elemoid);
        send.arrayelem = &elem;
        elem.oid = e->oid;
        elem.name = e->name;
        elem.fn = e->send;
        assert(e->send != fupg_send_array); /* TODO: might as well fix this, we'll need recursion for record types anyway */
    }
    send.fn(aTHX_ &send, val, out);
}

static void fupg_params_setup(pTHX_ fupg_st *st, int *refresh_done) {
    int i;
    st->param_values = safecalloc(st->nbind, sizeof(*st->param_values));
    if (st->stflags & FUPG_TEXT_PARAMS) {
        for (i=0; i<st->nbind; i++)
            st->param_values[i] = !SvOK(st->bind[i]) ? NULL : SvPVutf8_nolen(st->bind[i]);
        return;
    }

    fustr *buf = &st->conn->buf;
    buf->cur = fustr_start(buf);
    st->param_lengths = safecalloc(st->nbind, sizeof(*st->param_lengths));
    st->param_formats = safecalloc(st->nbind, sizeof(*st->param_formats));
    size_t off = 0;
    for (i=0; i<st->nbind; i++) {
        if (!SvOK(st->bind[i])) {
            st->param_values[i] = NULL;
            continue;
        }
        off = fustr_len(buf);
        fupg_params_send(aTHX_ st, PQparamtype(st->describe, i), st->bind[i], buf, refresh_done);
        st->param_lengths[i] = fustr_len(buf) - off;
        st->param_formats[i] = 1;
        st->param_values[i] = "";
        /* Don't write param_values here, the buffer may be invalidated when writing the next param */
    }
    off = 0;
    buf->cur = fustr_start(buf);
    for (i=0; i<st->nbind; i++) {
        if (st->param_values[i]) {
            st->param_values[i] = buf->cur + off;
            off += st->param_lengths[i];
        }
    }
}

static void fupg_recv_setup(pTHX_ fupg_st *st, fupg_recv *r, Oid oid, int *refresh_done) {
    r->oid = oid;
    if (st->stflags & FUPG_TEXT_RESULTS) {
        r->name = "{textfmt}";
        r->fn = fupg_recv_text;
        return;
    }

    const fupg_type *t = fupg_lookup_type(aTHX_ st->conn, refresh_done, r->oid);
    if (!t) fu_confess("No type found with oid %u", r->oid);
    if (!t->recv) fu_confess("Unable to receive data of type '%s' (oid %u)", t->name, t->oid);
    r->name = t->name;
    r->fn = t->recv;

    if (r->fn == fupg_recv_array) {
        if (!t->elemoid) fu_confess("Type '%s' (oid %u) is marked as an array type, but element type is unknown", t->name, t->oid);
        r->arrayelem = safecalloc(1, sizeof(*r->arrayelem));
        fupg_recv_setup(aTHX_ st, r->arrayelem, t->elemoid, refresh_done);
    }
}

static void fupg_recv_free(fupg_recv *r) {
    if (!r) return;
    if (r->fn == fupg_recv_array) {
        fupg_recv_free(r->arrayelem);
        safefree(r->arrayelem);
    }
}

static void fupg_st_execute(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    /* Disallow fetching the results more than once. I don't see a reason why
     * someone would need that and disallowing it leaves room for fetching the
     * results in a streaming fashion without breaking API compat. */
    if (st->result) fu_confess("Invalid attempt to execute statement multiple times");

    /* TODO: prepare can be skipped when prepared statement caching is disabled and (text-format queries or no bind params) */
    fupg_st_prepare(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQnparams(st->describe) != st->nbind)
        fu_confess("Statement expects %d bind parameters but %d were given", PQnparams(st->describe), st->nbind);
    int refresh_done = 0;
    fupg_params_setup(aTHX_ st, &refresh_done);

    /* I'm not super fond of this approach. Storing the full query results in a
     * PGresult involves unnecessary parsing, memory allocation and copying.
     * The wire protocol is sufficiently simple that I could parse the query
     * results directly from the network buffers without much additional code,
     * and that would be much more efficient. Alas, libpq doesn't let me do
     * that.
     * There is the option of fetching results in chunked mode, but from what I
     * gather that just saves a bit of memory in exchange for more and smaller
     * malloc()/free()'s. Performance-wise, it probably won't be much of an
     * improvement */
    PGresult *r = PQexecPrepared(st->conn->conn,
            st->name,
            st->nbind,
            (const char * const *)st->param_values,
            st->param_lengths,
            st->param_formats,
            st->stflags & FUPG_TEXT_RESULTS ? 0 : 1);
    if (!r) fupg_conn_croak(st->conn , "exec");
    switch (PQresultStatus(r)) {
        case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
        case PGRES_TUPLES_OK: break;
        default: fupg_result_croak(r, "exec", st->query);
    }
    st->result = r;

    st->nfields = PQnfields(r);
    st->recv = safecalloc(st->nfields, sizeof(*st->recv));
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<st->nfields; i++)
        fupg_recv_setup(aTHX_ st, st->recv + i, PQftype(st->result, i), &refresh_done);
}

static SV *fupg_st_getval(pTHX_ fupg_st *st, int row, int col) {
    PGresult *r = st->result;
    if (PQgetisnull(r, row, col)) return newSV(0);
    const fupg_recv *ctx = st->recv+col;
    return ctx->fn(aTHX_ ctx, PQgetvalue(r, row, col), PQgetlength(r, row, col));
}

static SV *fupg_st_exec(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_execute(aTHX_ st);
    return fupg_exec_result(st->result);
}

static SV *fupg_st_val(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_prepare(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQnfields(st->describe) > 1) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->val() on query returning more than one column");
    if (PQnfields(st->describe) == 0) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->val() on query returning no data");
    fupg_st_execute(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQntuples(st->result) > 1) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->val() on query returning more than one row");
    SV *sv = PQntuples(st->result) == 0 ? newSV(0) : fupg_st_getval(aTHX_ st, 0, 0);
    return sv_2mortal(sv);
}

static I32 fupg_st_rowl(pTHX_ fupg_st *st, I32 ax) {
    dSP;
    fupg_st_execute(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQntuples(st->result) == 0) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowl() on query returning zero rows");
    if (PQntuples(st->result) > 1) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowl() on query returning more than one row");
    if (GIMME_V != G_LIST) {
        ST(0) = sv_2mortal(newSViv(st->nfields));
        return 1;
    }
    (void)POPs;
    EXTEND(SP, st->nfields);
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<st->nfields; i++) mPUSHs(fupg_st_getval(aTHX_ st, 0, i));
    return st->nfields;
}

static SV *fupg_st_rowa(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_execute(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQntuples(st->result) == 0) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowl() on query returning zero rows");
    if (PQntuples(st->result) > 1) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowl() on query returning more than one row");
    AV *av = newAV_alloc_x(st->nfields);
    SV *sv = sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc((SV *)av));
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<st->nfields; i++) av_push_simple(av, fupg_st_getval(aTHX_ st, 0, i));
    return sv;
}

static SV *fupg_st_rowh(pTHX_ fupg_st *st) {
    fupg_st_prepare(aTHX_ st);
    fupg_st_check_dupcols(aTHX_ st->describe);
    fupg_st_execute(aTHX_ st);
    if (PQntuples(st->result) == 0) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowh() on query returning zero rows");
    if (PQntuples(st->result) > 1) fu_confess("Invalid use of $st->rowh() on query returning more than one row");
    HV *hv = newHV();
    SV *sv = sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc((SV *)hv));
    int i;
    for (i=0; i<st->nfields; i++) {
        const char *key = PQfname(st->result, i);
        hv_store(hv, key, -strlen(key), fupg_st_getval(aTHX_ st, 0, i), 0);
    }
    return sv;
}

static void fupg_st_destroy(fupg_st *st) {
    int i;
    /* Ignore failure, this is just a best-effort attempt to free up resources on the backend */
    if (st->prepared) PQclear(PQclosePrepared(st->conn->conn, st->name));

    safefree(st->query);
    for (i=0; i < st->nbind; i++) SvREFCNT_dec(st->bind[i]);
    safefree(st->bind);
    safefree(st->param_values);
    safefree(st->param_lengths);
    safefree(st->param_formats);
    if (st->recv) for (i=0; i<st->nfields; i++) fupg_recv_free(st->recv + i);
    safefree(st->recv);
    PQclear(st->describe);
    PQclear(st->result);
    SvREFCNT_dec(st->conn->self);
    safefree(st);
}


/* TODO: $st->alla, allh, flat, kvv, kva, kvh */
/* TODO: Prepared statement caching */